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CABA Information Series
CABA introduced this series of publications to promote information transfer
relating to advanced technologies for the automation of homes and buildings.
Many of these publications were prepared by or for CABA members and are
reprinted by CABA with their permission. All reports are protected by
copyright and may not be reproduced in whole or in part, nor may they
be used for any commercial purposes without the express written consent
of CABA. All CABA members receive access to the CABA Information Series
as terms of their membership.
If your company has a white paper that it would like to contribute
to the CABA Information Series, please contact us at caba@caba.org.
CABA documents require Acrobat Reader. Accessible to members only.
(IS-2008-108)
Preparing for the Internet Video Revolution: A Profile of the Internet-Connected
Living Room Consumer
This paper by MultiMedia Intelligence predicts the business
of Internet delivery of audio/video (A/V) to entertainment A/V devices
rather than to PCs. Digital Media Adapters link the Internet to A/V equipment.
The players in this new business include content owners, operators, equipment
manufacturers and technology providers. Some equipment will be purchased
by the consumer, while some will be rented from the service provider.
The fastest growing adopters of home networks are in the age range of
60-69. The initial households to adopt Internet A/V are those with incomes
of $100-150k.
(IS-2008-107)
The Changing Face of IFE: The Re-launch of In-Flight Broadband
This paper by MultiMedia Intelligence
examines customer preferences for airline entertainment and new offerings.
Many customers are supplying music and movies via their personal equipment.
New airline entertainment technologies are examined that costs less and
weights less. Examples include WiFi access for voice, video, and data.
(IS-2008-106)
Ethernet Services: WAN options mature
Verizon has compiled a collection of papers that advocates Ethernet for
applications outside of local area networks (LANs). Wide area network
(WAN) applications include virtual private networks and Provider Backbone
Transport for long-distance packet transport. Ethernet is being proposed
to replace or to complement MLPS (Multi Protocol Label Switching) for
the wide area networks. The net benefits are lower costs to manage and
deploy LANs and WANs.
(IS-2008-105)
Utility Solar Assessment (USA) Study
Co-op America Foundation has projected that the U.S. generation of solar
power could increase from the current 1/10 of 1% to 10% by 2025. The technology
would involve a combination of solar photovoltaics (PV) and concentrating
solar power (CSP) (typically mirrors that focus the sun rays on a collector).
Cost projections show prices competitive with conventional power generation
within a decade. Price parity is expected by 2015. To achieve these goals
utilities must be involved and must implement a smart grid. Environmental
and carbon production issues are motivating solar power. Solar can supply
peak demands for power. Stable tax incentives are advocated.
(IS-2008-104)
Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emission: How Much at What cost?
This report from The Conference Board examines options for reducing green
house gases by 2030. The U.S. is the largest emitter of these gases, but
the growth rate is much lower than in China, Indonesia, and India. 40%
of US CEOs thinks that reduction of these gases is very important. The
reduction goals are achievable at a "quite low" net cost with
possible economic benefits. However, costs will be concentrated in certain
sectors such as existing buildings and homes with inefficient heating
and cooling, and existing coal power plants. Buildings and homes that
implement efficiency improvements in heating and cooling, building-shell
designs, and consumer and office electronics will benefit.
(IS-2008-103)
TIA Standards and Technology Annual Report, 2007-2008
This is the 2007 annual report of the Telecommunications Industry Association
(TIA) focusing of standards development. The TIA writes American National
Standards and formulates United States positions for 20 international
committees and working groups. Some the domestic areas relevant for home
and buildings include modems, faxes, telephone, and VoIP (Internet telephony)
[committee name: TR-30]; business telephone systems [TR-41]; cabling in
buildings and homes [TR-42]; and fiber optics [FO-4]. International standards
include home and building systems and wiring [ISO/IEC JTC1/SC25].
(IS-2008-102)
Third Annual Cisco IBSG E-commerce Survey: Mobile Emerges as Growth Channel
for Retail
Cisco projects the growth of Internet commerce: 50% increase from 2007
to 2011 in the US (to $300 billion) and 100% increase in Europe (to $400
billion). Some retailers are integrating web shopping with mobile data.
85% of the online population worldwide have shopped online. Suggestions
for improving the online shopping experience are presented. Social networks
are complementing shopping with product reviews and information.
(IS-2008-101)
SMART 2020: Enabling the low carbon economy in the information age
This report from the Global eSustainability Initiative explores how the
ICT (Information and Communications Technology) sector can contribute
toward the reduction of greenhouse gases. ICT accounted for about 2% of
total greenhouse gases as of 2007. The goal is to reduce carbon dioxide
emissions 15% by 2020, rather than triple emissions if business continued
as usual. Costs savings are expect to reach almost one trillion dollars.
The largest opportunities for savings are in smart motors, smart logistics
(delivery of fuel, electricity, and heat), smart buildings, and smart
grids. The concept of SMART transformation is introduced: Standardize,
Monitor, Account, Rethink, and Transform. For example, half the energy
for data centers is used for backups, uninterruptible power supplies,
and cooling. Tele- and videoconferences could replace 5-20% of business
travel.
(IS-2008-100)
Choosing Data Loggers For Green Building Projects
This report from Onset Computer Corporation explains the function and
benefits of data loggers. These are devices that are installed in buildings
or houses to measure parameters such as temperature, light level, electricity,
or solar radiation. Applications include adjusting heating, cooling, and
solar panels. The factors that determine the performance of data loggers
are discussed. Aggregation of data from multiple loggers via the Internet
is possible.
(IS-2008-99)
High Performance Buildings
This report from the National Institute of Building Sciences to the U.S.
Congress summarizes high performance buildings that conserve energy while
improving environmental impact, functionality, human comfort, and productivity.
The High Performance Building Council was formed in April 2007 to assess
the state of knowledge in building performance and constraints imposed
by design and performance standards. This study emphasizes the building
life cycle that spans "design, construction, operation, occupancy,
repair, usability, extendibility, and retirement." Indoor air quality,
energy conservation, accessibility, enhancing worker productivity, historic
preservation, and aesthetics were identified as important goals. Recommendations
are provided.
(IS-2008-98)
The Chief Customer/Experience Officer Playbook
Forrester Research has conducted a survey among managers of customer service
to determine elements of success. Chief Customer/Experience Officers (CC/EO)
from eight companies were interviewed. CC/COs need a plan and need to
promote customer-centric approaches. Parts of the company without direct
customer contact can effect the customer experience. Forrester recommends
establishing a working team and an executive steering committee, establishing
metrics for measuring the customer experience, getting feedback from customers,
maintaining enthusiasm in the organization to include the customer experience,
and improving the plan.
(IS-2008-97)
The Increasingly Important Impact of Wireless Broadband Technology and
Services on the U.S. Economy
This paper by CTIA-The Wireless Association is an economic summary of
the impact on business of wireless telecommunications. By 2005, the productivity
value of wireless was greater than the value of the pharmaceutical industry.
The healthcare and small business sectors have benefited the most from
wireless. Most of the healthcare savings will come from direct input of
data via a wireless phone. Technology, computers, and telecommunications
have helped the US exceed Europe and Japan in labor productivity. This
should generate $860 billion additional GDP by 2016. During this time
fame broadband wireless use will grow from 25% of users to 83%. Applications
of "mobile telematics" like wireless automatic meter reading
are discussed. The states of California, Florida, Illinois, New York,
and Texas will benefit the most.
(IS-2008-96)
Network Technology Integration Drives Business Success
This document provides an overview of products sold by Cisco Systems for
switching and routing, voice signaling, and call processing. The features
offered by Cisco for security, implementation of quality-of-service, voice-over-IP
telephony, and unified WiFi/cellular phones are discussed. A roadmap for
selecting Cisco product is presented.
(IS-2008-95)
Carbon Down, Profits Up - Third Edition
This report by the Climate Group surveys corporate and government plans
for reductions of greenhouse gas emissions. Organizations are starting
to respond to reduction goals as business challenges and opportunities,
rather than simply as compliance with mandates. Even though there are
costs involved, there is a potential net financial benefit. For example,
DuPont saved about $4 billion from 1994 through 2005 by introducing energy
efficiencies and reducing CO2 emissions by 32%. Seattle City Light achieved
net zero green house gas emissions through conservation and renewables
to power all new loads.
(IS-2008-94)
A Smarter Way to Mind the Store: IP-Surveillance
This paper from Axis Communications advocates the benefits of IP-based
video surveillance for retailers. Systems can be installed that automatically
identify suspicious customer or salesperson behavior. Also, the system
could monitor traffic flow and congestion at cash registers. Digital cameras
offer higher resolution than analog and may operate from power deliver
via the data cable using Power over Ethernet technology.
(IS-2008-93)
Internet of Things in 2020
The European Commission and the European Technology Platform on smart
Systems Integration (EPoSS) report on a workshop on the Internet connectivity
of devices anticipated over the next 20 years. IPv6 is expected to offer
unique addresses for devices (not precisely defined). These devices will
need to "harvest energy" in order to operate, will need to process
data, and will need to communicate. Also, these devices will need to be
integrated into packages and will need to interoperate. Challenges include
governance, privacy, and security. Applications include retail, drugs,
food, health, intelligent homes, and transportation.
(IS-2008-92)
The ARTEMIS JU Annual Work Programme 2008
ARTEMIS (Advanced Research and Technology for Embedded Intelligence and
Systems) is the European Technology Platform for Embedded Computing Systems.
This paper reports on the first annual ARTEMIS Joint Undertaking (JU)
Work Programme for 2008. The objective is to develop reference designs
and architectures, seamless connectivity and middleware, and design methods
and tools for embedded systems in industrial systems, nomadic environments,
private spaces, and public infrastructure. Applications include transportation,
process control, public utilities, medical applications, and energy. ARTEMIS
seeks cost reductions of 15% by 2013 while complexity increases 25%. Proposals
for funding are solicited.
(IS-2008-91)
Expert Group on Services in the Future Internet Consultation Meeting,
Brussels 12th November 2007
This 2006 report by the European Commission examines the projected growth
of Internet services by 2011. Web based services will grow at 28% per
year. These services will span government, business, and consumer applications.
Also, users will produce services in a Web 2.0 environment. Eventually,
the Internet will become an Internet of Things (IoT) interconnecting sensors
and actuators. Trends include wireless access, always-on access, real-time
services such as telephony, a simplified user experience, and machine-to-machine
interactions.
(IS-2008-90)
Integrated Energy Systems in Canadian Communities: A Consensus for Urgent
Action
This report from the Quality Urban Energy Systems of Tomorrow in Canada
describes how the energy industry will help achieve a 60% reduction in
green house gases by 2050. The goal is make Canada "a world leader
in urban integrated energy systems." Examples include district energy
and small-scale urban energy systems. Urban energy consumption for homes,
building, and industry account for half of the energy used. Examples are
presented. Market-based pricing of carbon is proposed.
(IS-2008-89)
Intelligent Middleware
This study by Forrester Research and Richards|Zeta Building Intelligence,
Inc. explores middleware as a method for achieving integration among building
automation subsystems. Many building automation systems include some proprietary
elements. This report studies the possibility of interconnecting legacy
subsystem with middleware software for integration at a high level, taking
advantage of IP-based enterprise systems and web-based services. Examples
are presented.
(IS-2008-88)
Green Building in North America: Opportunities and Challenges
In this report, the Secretariat of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation
(CEC) recommends that North American leaders make green building a foundational
driver for environmental, social, and economic improvement in Canada,
Mexico, and the United States.
(IS-2008-87)
Super Buyers: The Key Broadband Segment Buying CE Products
Parks Associates explored the market for consumer products by surveying
2500 buyers. One quarter of the buyers accounted for 80% of all consumer
electronics purchased in past year, spending more than $2000 each. These
are called Super Buyers. Super Buyers are not defined by wealth, but by
a positive attitude toward consumer electronics. They prefer shopping
at specialty stores.
(IS-2008-86)
Introduction to Commercial Building Control Strategies and Techniques
for Demand Response
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory reports on field tests of demand
response in 28 non-residential buildings. Most of the buildings were located
in California and the rest in New York. Demand response was applied to
heating/cooling and lighting. The report concluded with recommendations
for tests in other climates. Also, a gradual return to full operation
after a demand-response shift is advised to avoid sudden load increases.
(IS-2008-85)
Estimating Demand Response Load Impacts: Evaluation of Baseline Load Models
for Non-Residential Buildings in California
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory developed statistical models for
calculating the baseline electric load of commercial buildings to assess
the impact of demand response programs. The models are based on previous-days
averages and on predictions based on weather forecasts. The accuracy of
these models is reviewed. Models were tested at 32 sites in California.
Results are presented.
(IS-2008-84)
Demand Responsive Lighting: A Scoping Study
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has studied methods of managing
the demand for electricity used for commercial building lighting, which
totals 30GWh per year in California. Lighting accounts for 30-33% of the
peak commercial electric load. There are opportunities to cut the peak
demand with bi-level lighting (required in California) and control systems
tied to occupancy sensors and dimmable ballasts. Light reduction has less
of an impact on occupant comfort than heating/cooling reduction. Strategies
and example of managing energy consumption for lighting are described.
(IS-2008-83)
Architecture Concepts and Technical Issues for an Open, Interoperable
Automated Demand Response Infrastructure
This report from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory explains the Demand
Response Automation Server (DRAS) used for managing customer energy consumption.
It explains how DRAS supports automated utility/customer interactions
for DR bidding, automated event handing, and real-time pricing. DR bidding
allows customers to notify utilities how much load they are able to shed
when necessary. Auto-DR operates without human intervention as the utility
interacts with the home or building. Such operations may control lighting,
heating/cooling, and non-critical equipment with the option for the user
to opt out. The architecture of such a system is described.
(IS-2008-82)
Ethernet Provides the Solution for Broadband Subscriber Access
This paper by the Ethernet Alliance explains how the Ethernet local area
network protocol is being applied to the wide area network linking homes
and building to a central office or "point of presence" (connection
to the Internet). This avoids the cost and inefficiency of converting
to other wide area network communications protocols. Methods for carrying
Ethernet packets via a fiber optics network are presented.
(IS-2008-81)
Quantifying Sustainability: A Study of Three Sustainable Building Rating
Systems and the AIA Position Statement
The AIA (American Institute of Architects) has reviewed three rating systems
for green buildings: Green Globes for New Construction, LEED for New Construction
and Major Renovations version 2.2, and SBTool 07. These rating systems
score sustainability features in building design and construction. The
three are compared, but not rated by the AIA. Green Globes was developed
by the Green Building Initiative using ANSI protocols. LEED was developed
by the U.S. Green Building Council. The International Initiative for a
Sustainable Built Environment (iiSBE) created SBTool 07 to assess building
performance. An overview of each system is provided.
(IS-2008-80)
The Ethernet Ecosystem
The Ethernet Alliance, a trade organization, has written this paper to
provide a brief history of Ethernet. The Ethernet local area network was
invented by Bob Metcalf at Xerox in 1973 and originally operated at 2.94
Mbps. Ethernet applications are expanding to home entertainment networks.
Some wide area and metropolitan area networks are now based on Ethernet.
Interfaces are being developed between Ethernet, wireless network., and
fiber optics networks.
(IS-2008-79)
IBM Sensor and Actuator Solutions
This IBM paper explains the expanding roles of sensors and actuators to
provide industrial and product services. Applications include retailing,
supply-chain management, and product adjustment to market demands. RFID
sensor applications are discussed.
(IS-2008-78)
Secure Router Virtualization: Critical Solutions for Optimizing IP/MPLS
Network Convergence
This Yankee Group paper explains a technology that allows efficient Internet
routing of packets representing disparate services. A technique called
Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) accommodates packet with various
service requirements (IPTV, virtual private networks, public Internet
packets) in a consolidated IP core using secure router virtualization
(SRV). SRV can lead to reductions in cost and capital, and improvements
in operational efficiency. The hardware and software requirements to accomplish
SRV are discussed.
(IS-2008-77)
Moving electronics companies from global to globally integrated
IBM reports on how the company has adapted to a global market with reduced
national barriers and increased competition from all parts of the world.
Five of the leading electronics brands generate 85% of their revenues
outside their home countries. IBM has proposed the Globally Integrated
Enterprise that does not function as a collection of country-based subsidiaries.
IBM emphasizes collaboration by stating, "becoming a globally integrated
company is as much about the global sourcing of ideas as it is about the
sourcing of labor." Management of this enterprise is based on open
collaboration rather than top-down control.
(IS-2008-76)
Telecom switches emphasis
IBM surveyed 252 executives from telecommunications companies around the
world to assess business changes. Some are changing business models to
emphasize service subscription and collaboration with external partners.
Along with delivering video and content, these companies are seeking increased
ad revenues. The majority of executives expects to partner with companies
such as Yahoo and Google. Most revenue is still derived from voice and
broadband access.
(IS-2008-75)
Technology Meets Medicine: Business Models and Distribution Strategies
Parks Associates reports on the state of technology to promote health
outside of a clinical setting. Large hardware, software, and communications
companies are investing in heath care technology. Congress is authorizing
reimbursement for remote monitoring. Customers for health monitoring are
expected to grow from 800,000 in 2008 to 5.3 million in 2012, generating
revenues of almost $2.5 billion.
(IS-2008-74)
IP Video's Time Has Come
This report by Video Furnace explains possible applications of Internet
TV that benefit enterprises. Examples include digital signage, corporate
training, and event broadcasting. The business advantages of IP video
are summarized.
(IS-2008-73)
Enabling the New World of Pay-TV
This report by Verimatrix summarizes the need of pay-TV companies for
data security as video is delivered to customers. Content security is
described as 3-dimensional: multiple networks, multiple screens, and multiple
layers of protection. Users want access to pay-TV on a variety of players
(PC, TV, mobile) with a single purchase. The writer advocates for an IP-centric
security system where decryption keys may be delivered for each viewing.
(IS-2008-72)
Delivering Secure IP Video
This paper by Video Furnace discusses security vulnerabilities of various
software media players and browsers when running IP video. The problem
is that media players access operating-system resources and run scripts.
A solution is to have the server download with permission of the users
a specialized viewer on the client.
(IS-2008-71)
Open IPTV Forum Whitepaper
The Open IPTV Forum wrote this introduction to Internet Protocol Television
(IPTV). IPTV can be integrated with other media such as text and may be
viewed on a variety of fixed and mobile displays. About 55 million IPTV
subscribers are estimated by 2010 and will spend $2.8 billion for equipment.
The Open IPTV Forum is writing interoperability specifications due by
mid-2008. IPTV may be offered by a service provider on a managed network
or via the open Internet.
(IS-2008-70) IPTV/VOD: The Open 4th Platform
This 225-page book is a collection of more that 20 papers by Alexander
Cameron expressing his views of a worldwide television network using Internet
TV (IPTV). Among these papers are an introduction to IPTV, IPTV applications
and services, regulations, content, problems, and net neutrality. He paints
a picture of the future with home automation and 5000 TV stations where
IPTV is dominant in 10 years. IPTV is encoded using the MPEG-4 protocol
that carries standard definition TV in 1-4 Mbps and high definition TV
in 6-10 Mbps. This book is written from a U.K. perspective with lots of
discussion about SkyTV, a satellite operator in the U.K.
(IS-2008-69)
"Show me the money": Strategies for success in IPTV
PriceWaterhouseCoopers explores the emerging market for IPTV. They maintain
that IPTV vendors need to focus on marketing, partnering, and investment
in content and advertising. Long-tail content is recommended over premium
sports. By 2012, 30% of TV viewing will be on-demand, compared to 5% in
2007. IPTV has two versions: delivery to PC and delivery to TV. Business
arrangements and advertising to support IPTV are reviewed. IPTV needs
scalable bandwidth for multiple TVs including high definition.
(IS-2008-68)
Multimedia Handsets: The World's Most Ubiquitous Entertainment Device
This paper from MultiMedia Intelligence predicts the transformation of
mobile phones to multi-media platforms. By 2010, 9 out of 10 mobile phones
will include a camera, audio, and video. Additional features include support
of games and a USB port for moving content. Handsets are moving toward
high quality color with 18 or 24 bits per picture element (pixel) and
resolution of at least 320 x 240. Examples of such phones are presented.
(IS-2008-67)
Implementing Digital Advertising in Hardware
This paper from MultiMedia Intelligence explains the potential impact
of new hardware technology on the delivery of advertising to digital devices
containing displays. The technology supports interactivity with consumers,
personalized databases, and personalized advertising. Consumers might
opt-in to ads in exchange for a TV show. Opportunities for branding a
display device and sources of hardware support are discussed. A USB plug-in
could add advertising to a device.
(IS-2008-66)
The Six Competitive Factors for Hot Spot Success
This paper from MultiMedia Intelligence surveys the availability of WiFi
access to the Internet via public hotspots. There were about 180,000 hotspots
worldwide by the end of 2007. There is a trend toward consolidation among
providers, improvement in quality, location-based advertising, bundling
hotspot access with mobile or broadband services, and marketing to consumers,
not just to business travelers. WiMAX may pose a market threat to WiFi.
A new market may be the support of WiFi phones.
(IS-2008-65)
Internet Protocol (IP)-Enabled-Consumer Electronics: Semiconductors, Service
Providers and Content Complete the Ecosystem
This paper from MultiMedia Intelligence explores the shift of digital
video from personal computers to TVs. Examples of digital video are YouTube
and MySpace, and will extend to IPTV (Internet TV). Set-top boxes will
provide TVs access to digital video. By 2012 the largest segment of IP-enabled
consumer electronics will be Blue-Ray DVD players and recorders. The semiconductor
business to support IP-based consumer electronics will be $2.5 billion
by 2012. IP content will be delivered predominantly via wired Ethernet
and by power line carrier, coaxial cable, and WiFi. Consumer market awareness
for digital video is limited now. Sales of 215 million units that support
digital video are predicted by 2012.
(IS-2008-64)
Advertising Goes Mobile
This paper from MultiMedia Intelligence explores the placement of ads
on mobile devices when viewing TV as a way of subsidizing the cost of
the mobile TV. A key motivator is the growth of digital video recorders
(DVR) and the falling price of cell phone voice services. Mobile revenue
is shifting to message and premium content. Half of the $400-billion market
for TV, movies, etc. is funded by advertising. Mobile ads would be inserted
in 1 to 5-minute intervals or prior to video-on-demand. Ads might be tailored
to the time and location of the user.
(IS-2008-63)
Advanced Controls for Demand Response and Energy Efficiency in Commercial
Buildings - slides
This is a slide presentation of paper from the Lawrence Berkeley Labs
paper of the same title, already reviewed.
(IS-2008-62)
Advanced Controls and Communications for Demand Response and Energy Efficiency
in Commercial Buildings
This paper from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory explores the potential
of demand response strategies to reduce peak electricity demand from commercial
buildings. These buildings account for 45% of the summer peak demand,
which is estimated at 330GW nationally. Demand response may include limiting
total usage (the demand) and load curtailment. These actions are motivated
by time-of-use electricity rates, real time rates, or event notifications.
A trial was described that achieved an average of 8% demand shedding with
a peak of 56%. Demand response will not be a major driver for new building
control systems but should be accommodated.
(IS-2008-61)
White Paper on the Exhaust of Electronic Serial Numbers (ESNs) and Migration
to Mobile Equipment Identifiers (MEIDs)
All cell phones contain a unique ID called the Electronic Serial Number
(32 bits). Since 1997, the allocation of numbers has been managed by the
TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association). Since the numbers are likely
to be exhausted in 2008, an extended numbering scheme is planned called
the Mobile Equipment Identifier (56 bits). Details are provided.
(IS-2008-60)
The Promising but Plodding RFID Industry
According to the Security Industry Association (SIA), the growth of the
RFID industry will not meet the expectation of investors. Inadequate standards,
high costs, low reliability, and reluctance to adopt by end-users are
limiting the industry. RFID tags and bar codes will co-exist. The authors
maintain that manufacturers need to address privacy concerns about RFID
tags and design privacy into the system. Active RFID tags (with batteries)
and passive RFID tags are explained.
(IS-2008-59)
Cable Component Material Innovations for Stringent Fire Safety and Environmental
Compliance Requirements
This paper by David B. Kiddoo of AlphaGary Corporation discusses recent
technological advances in the design of wires and cables to make commercial
installations more fire resistant. Possible materials include fluoropolymers,
PVCs, and halogen-free olefins. The properties of each are described.
Conformance with European Restrictions on the Use of Certain Hazardous
Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment (RoHS) is presented.
(IS-2008-58)
Integrated Energy Systems in Canadian Communities: A Consensus for Urgent
Action
This document by the Quality Urban Energy Systems of Tomorrow consortium
reports on a conference held in Canada last November to address the 50
per cent of total green house emissions due to homes, building, and transportation.
Among the recommendations is pricing carbon appropriately and integrated
urban energy systems. Examples of such communities in British Columbia
and Ontario are described.
(IS-2008-57)
How to improve the Performance of a Mesh Wireless Sensor Network?
This paper introduces the challenge of data communications in a mesh
network intended for automatic meter reading (and other applications)
and proposes a network architecture. The performance of a mesh network
requires range and coverage, robustness to changes and RF interference,
scalability, flexible power consumption, and ease of integration, use,
and maintenance. A technology called flooding is described whereby a node
sends messages to all nodes that can receive them. The timing of transmissions
is controlled so not all nodes send at once. The network does not need
a router.
(IS-2008-56)
Addressing High Density Fiber Management Issues
The technical issues of managing fiber optics cable distribution for home
services are discussed in this PennWell article. A particular challenge
is terminate each fiber run as the number of homes passed increases. Terminating
at the central office or at a dedicated remote facility is discussed.
(IS-2008-55)
Are Consumers Ready for Quad-Play?
This report by Compete Inc. analyzes adding cell phone service to the
marketing of a bundled package of TV, Internet, and telephone. More than
2500 customers were survey in March and April 2008. 43% of those surveyed
are amenable to a package of all four services. 22% have purchased a bundle
of services. 56% buy from multiple suppliers. They are willing to buy
a bundle from a telephone or a cable company. The company first to market
may have an advantage. The provider of high speed Internet has an edge.
Consumer drivers are simplicity and price.
(IS-2008-54)
Buildings and Climate Change
This report from the United Nations analyzes energy usage in buildings.
The goal is to improve the energy efficiency especially in building operations
to help achieve the carbon dioxide emission goals of the Kyoto Protocol.
Methods for conserving energy in buildings are presented covering the
life cycle of a building from the manufacture of the building components
to the construction and operation of the building to the ultimate demolition
and recycling of the building materials. China, Russia, and the U.S. are
the large producers and consumers of energy. Zero-energy buildings that
on average consume no energy are discussed. Recommendations are presented
for policies, benchmarking, regulations, economic tools, education, understanding
human behavior, public sector applications, and technology transfer.
(IS-2008-53)
Refreshed Accessibility Standards and Guidelines in Telecommunications
and Electronic and Information Technology
This report for the US Government explores changes that may be needed
to the laws that mandate accessibility for information and communications
technology equipment. Examples of such equipment include audio and video
players, web access, and authoring tools. The report proposes alternative
technical approaches to balance against specific standards. Accessibility
applies to persons with visual, hearing, physical, speech, cognitive,
and other disabilities.
(IS-2008-52)
Green Building Research Funding: An Assessment of Current Activity in
the United States
This is a survey of funding sources for green building research compiled
by the US Green Building Council. The sources for at least one-million-dollar
projects include the US Federal government, states, and one professional
organization. The topics receiving the largest funding are energy, materials,
and resources. The sources and recipients of green building funding from
2002-2006 are included.
(IS-2008-51)
A National Green Building Research Agenda
The research agenda of the US Green Building Council is presented. US
buildings consume 71% of electricity generated and produce 38% of carbon
dioxide emissions and 40% of non-industrial waste. 0.2% of US federal
funding is for green buildings. Among the planned research topics are
tools to improve building design, operations, and processes; building
finances; and metrics to identify further improvements. Other topics include
building envelope performance, lighting, HVAC control, materials life
cycle assessment, water management, ecological issues, and indoor environment
quality.
(IS-2008-50)
Energy Performance of LEED® for New Construction Buildings
The study, commissioned by the US Green Building Council correlates the
actual energy performance of buildings with expected performance for 121
buildings that were LEED certified. Measurements of energy use per square
foot, Energy Star rating, and comparisons to baseline modeling were performed.
The LEED buildings used 24 per cent less energy per square foot than the
national average. They scored 68 per cent better with Energy Star than
similar buildings. However, one-fourth of the LEED buildings were below
50 per cent. There was considerable variation between predicting and measure
energy consumption. Details of the study are reported.
IS-2008-49:
Slashing the TCO for IVR
This paper by DataMonitor reports on the technology transformation of
speech recognition from Interactive Voice Recognition (IVR) to Voice-XML.
Voice-XML is based on open standards that are replacing proprietary IVR
systems. The costs born by carriers to migrate to IVR are discussed. The
total cost of ownership of a Voice-XML system for a carrier with 40 million
subscribers is about 41 per cent less than IVR over five years.
IS-2008-48:
The Global Opportunities for Digital Health Applications
According to Parks Associates, care of chronic diseases affects 90 million
Americans and accounts for two-thirds of healthcare expenditures. Similar
corresponding figures apply to Canada and Europe. In-home systems can
help with disease management to avoid crises. Telehealth via the Internet
will become important. European makers are looking are telehealth via
the cell phone. Expenditures on telehealth are "quite limited."
IS-2008-47:
Europe: Home Network Update
This report from Parks Associates looks at the growth in home networking
in Europe spurred by a competitive telephone marketplace. Telephone operators
are offering services to manage home networks and provide services with
set-top boxes and DVRs (Digital Video Recorders). Europe is leading the
world in home network deployment with 40 million residential gateway predicted
by 2012. New broadband services will include voice over Wi-Fi and hand-off
between mobile and land-based networks.
IS-2008-46:
Key Trends and Outlook for 2008
Parks Associates predicts trends for 2008 in this report issued in November
2007. IP Multimedia System will facilitate bundled services from telephone
companies. Movies-on-demand burned onto disks at store kiosk will be introduced.
Mobile Internet access will grow. Cable operators will add home networking.
Parks predicts higher quality TV on the web with targeted advertising.
Other areas discussed include gaming, wireless technologies, networked
consumer electronics, media servers (moving into a mass market), ad insertion
for TV and web video, in-car entertainment, the need for "digital
home advisors," and personal health.
IS-2008-45:
TV Services in Europe: Update and Outlook
Parks Associates looks at the competitive market in Europe for video services.
Regulators in Europe have provided competitive access to the local telephone
lines. Competitors and incumbent telephone companies are offering new
services including home networking, on-demand and interactive programming,
and mobile entertainment. Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT) is an important
market in Europe despite cable, satellite, and telephone companies. Some
telephone companies are offering DTT with pay-TV in set-top boxes. Cable
operators serve 36 per cent of the European market with 80 per cent analog
transmission. Satellite operators are adding interactive TV by using telephone
lines. IPTV (Internet TV) is growing in Europe.
IS-2008-44:
Better Living Through Wireless: The Wireless Revolution and U.S. Spectrum
Policy
The Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) has written a position
paper on public policy to encourage the development of innovative wireless
products and services for consumers. CEA argues for 200 MHz in additional
spectrum for consumer products (shifted from Federal and low-use commercial
allocations) and further deregulation. The paper explains the role of
spectrum allocation is fostering the cell phone market. The evolution
of cellphone data technologies from 1G up through 4G is summarized, as
are applications of wireless technology to networks in the home and beyond.
IS-2008-43:
Broadband for all Americans
This survey by the Consumer Electronics Association reports on broadband
penetration in the US and the impact on the US economy. About 50 per cent
of US households have broadband access to the Internet. The US ranks 15th
among countries in broadband deployment with South Korea being number
one. Issues discussed include uniform access to all Internet service ("net
neutrality") and municipal wireless access. Various services offering
are summarized: VoIP (Voice over the Internet), telemedicine, and distance
learning.
IS-2008-42:
Who Makes What: Telco Home Gateways
This report about the Home Gateway Initiative (HGI) consortium of telephone
operators presents a view of the residential gateway. The primary purpose
is to translate between a wide area network and a home network. In addition
the HGI offers the opportunity to control home network to deliver management
services and to control devices for "new services and competitive
differentiation." The role and history of the gateway are presented.
The gateway might be a platform for service-provider applications, rather
than loading such applications onto a home personal computer. The gateway
might include a femtocell to relay cell calls into the home and possibly
to include home automation and energy management services. The technology
to support a gateway is described along with a list of manufacturers.
IS-2008-41:
Pay-TV and the American Consumer
About 1,000 persons in the US were surveyed by ABI Research in December
2007 about TV viewing, service providers, technologies, programming, and
price sensitivity. About 1/3 have media rooms and seven per cent have
media servers. Although most have multiple TVs, advanced set-top boxes
for premium services are used with only one TV. Cable providers are very
susceptible to churn because customers are ready to switch for a better
price. Prices for video services in the $100-150 range are a tipping point.
Twenty per cent would like to move content from a PC to a TV, and 18 per
cent want to move content to a portable device. Thirty-one per cent watch
TV series online. Twenty-nine per cent have purchased pay-per-view services.
However 37 per cent would accept advertising in lieu of paying. Thirty-six
per cent engage in time shifting with a DVR (Digital Video Recorder).
Forty per cent have HDTV, but of those only 43 per cent subscribe to an
HDTV package. IPTV is being incorporated in set-top boxes in Asia and
is likely to spread to the US. Forty-two per cent have a home network.
IS-2008-40:
Green Building in North America
This report addresses the imperative for green buildings in North America.
It was written by the Commission for Environmental Cooperation, a North
American Free Trade Agreement agency located in Montreal. In the US green
buildings could reduce energy use by 30 per cent, carbon emissions by
35 per cent, water usage up to 50 per cent, and waste cost by up to 90
per cent. The Commission recommends a common vision for green buildings
among Canada, Mexico, and the US, targets for adopting green buildings,
and strategies for supporting green building efforts. Currently about
two per cent of US buildings are green with an expected increase to about
five to ten per cent by 2010. Buildings in Canada consume 50 per cent
of the natural resources in the country, while US building use 68 per
cent of electricity produced compared to 25 per cent in Mexico. Examples
of buildings that achieve some of the green goals are shown. Drivers and
barriers to achieving green buildings are presented.
IS-2008-39:
National Building Information Modeling Standard
This paper introduces the National Building Information Modeling Standard
(BIM) from the National Institute of Building Sciences (a non-government
organization in the United States). The BIM includes innovative information
technologies and business structures to reduce waste and inefficiencies
in the building industry. This BIM specifies machine-readable plans for
all phases of a building design, construction, operation, and maintenance.
BIM is composed of the Information Delivery Manual (IDM) for accessing
and presenting the data and the Model View Definition (MVD) for the software
interface. A key objective is to provide a uniform interface between vendors
and the building managers. The process for creating BIM and planned revisions
are presented.
IS-2008-38:
How Hollywood can Out-Apple Apple
This paper by Parks Associates examines emerging technologies for distributing
video to portable devices such as cell phones and MP3 players. The display
technologies currently are inferior to conventional TV and the choice
of content is limited. The author presents opportunities for content producers
(mostly located in Hollywood) to tie portable video clips to the sale
of theater tickets and DVDs. Free video clips will prepare a market for
the sale of portable video content.
IS-2008-37:
The AirAdvice State of Commercial Buildings Performance Report 2007
This document is an overview of report on building performance. It evaluates
the level of comfort offered by a heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning
(HVAC) system versus cost based on a study of 300 buildings in 2007. The
parameters measured were temperature variation and fluctuation from optimal
set point and evidence of over-ventilation. Ninety-six per cent of the
buildings examined had at least one parameter out of bounds. Possible
energy saving may amount to 10 to 40 per cent of energy costs.
IS-2008-36:
Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate - Amanda Kramer
This presentation was delivered to the Buildings and Appliances Task Force
of the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate on March
11, 2008 in Vancouver. The Building and Appliances Task Force addresses
greenhouse gas emission in the residential and commercial sectors through
improved appliances and buildings. Some of the topics covered include
lighting, electric motors, high performance buildings, stand-by power
for appliances, and building codes.
IS-2008-35:
Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate - Rob James
This presentation was delivered to the Buildings and Appliances Task Force
of the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate on March
11, 2008 in Vancouver. The Partnership, founded in 2005, intends to develop
clean technology through voluntary cooperation by government and the private
sectors. Members include Australia, China, India, Japan, South Korea,
and the USA. The current topics include renewable energy, buildings and
appliances, fossil fuels, coal mining, cement, aluminum, steel, and power
generation / transmission. This initiative is complementary to the United
Nations climate change process. Funding is from the participating governments.
IS-2008-34:
Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate - Buildings
and Appliances Task Force
This is a summary document of a meeting held March 11, 2008 in Vancouver
by the Buildings and Appliances Task Force of the Asia-Pacific Partnership
on Clean Development and Climate. Issues of funding, goals, and projects
were discussed. Topics included alignment with industry, moving toward
a net-zero-energy building, and participation on the Buildings and Appliances
Task Force.
IS-2008-33:
EPA Region 8 Headquarters Case Study
This case study by the National Institute of Building Sciences explains
the choices made in the design and construction of a new building for
the Denver office of the Environmental Protection Agency. The building
includes 23 floors in two towers. The developer was required to achieve
a minimum LEED Silver level and Energy Star Certification. The design
process is explained. The roof accommodates plantings with four-inch deep
plastic trays to create a "green roof." Also, 10kW of photovoltaic
solar arrays are installed on the roof. A total energy savings of 35 per
cent was achieved with efficient mechanical systems, use of free cooling,
day-lighting, shading, and under-floor air system.
IS-2008-32:
IPD Environment Code
This paper describes an analysis tool called the Environment Code from
a company called IPD Occupiers (of London) for measuring the environment
impact of a building. It can help achieve code compliance, reduce environmental
impact, and allow comparison among properties. The global impact of climate
change is estimated at five to 20 per cent of annual global GDP, while
the cost of reducing greenhouse gases is about one per cent of annual
global GDP. The IPD Code is a template for collection, measurement, and
analysis of environmental information. Energy from renewable sources,
water, and waste are key sets of quantitative measurements. The measurements
are supplemented with qualitative measurements of transportation and travel,
equipment and appliances, health and well being, and adaptation to climate
change.
IS-2008-31:
Compendium of Champions: Chronicling Exemplary Energy Efficiency Programs
from Across the U.S.
This paper summarizes the procedure used by the American Council for an
Energy-Efficient Economy to select programs as outstanding examples of
energy efficiency. Ninety such projects were honored. These projects saved
2400 GWh of electricity, reduced peak demand by 400 MW, and saved 125
million therms of gas. The criteria for evaluating programs included energy
savings, market transforming effects, quality of evaluation, qualitative
assessment, innovation, and transferability.
IS-2008-30:
GridWise Interoperability Context Setting Framework
This paper by the GridWise Architecture Council presents a context
within which experts can discussion interoperability issues. An interoperability
framework describes in high-level terms interactions among automation
systems. It establishes a context in which to discuss alternatives. The
application discussed is the integration of a utility system from generation
to transmission and distribution to customer services. In abstract terms,
solutions flow from designs, which flow from architectures, which flow
from the framework. This report discusses interfaces between systems that
are intended to collaborate. Examples based on residential and commercial
electricity energy management are provided.
IS-2008-29:
Utility Communications with BACnet Commercial Building for Peak Price
Response
This presentation from the National Institute of Standards and Technology
illustrates how a building automation system can interoperate with a utility
communications network. The goal is to implement energy conservation through
a program of demand response. BACnet messages to implement such interoperable
communications are discussed.
IS-2008-28:
GridWise Interoperability Workshop April 11-12, 2007 Proceedings Summary
This report by the GridWise Architecture Council summarizes a two-day
workshop conducted by 45 experts in electric grid interoperability. The
participants focused on reactions to a context-setting framework draft
document. Improvements to this document were proposed. The technical,
informational, and organizational aspects of interoperability were considered.
A plan for enhancing the framework was developed. A follow-on Interoperability
Symposium was proposed.
IS-2008-27:
GridWise Architecture Council: Decision-Maker's Interoperability Checklist
Draft Version 1.0
This paper by the GridWise Architecture Council explains the importance
of interoperability in the system for generating, transporting, distributing,
and using electricity. Distinctions are made among Technical Interoperability
(physical and communications connections), Informational Interoperability
(data content and meaning), and Organizational Interoperability (business
and legal relationships). Interoperability will improve reliability, market
operations, and will lower grid capital costs. The authors urge that interoperability
be factored into equipment design as the grid is upgraded. They propose
a checklist to determine if a proposed upgrade facilitates interoperability.
IS-2008-26:
China Market, The Security Industry Association Report: Olympic Update
This paper by the Security Industry Association describes the plans for
security systems at the August 2008 Beijing, China Olympic Games. There
are 31 Olympic venues. The business organizations involved and coordination
are described. Expenditures on security systems are estimated at $300
million for the Olympics. The equipment to be used and suppliers are listed.
IS-2008-25:
ROADMs in Network Architectures
This document by Ciena explains the functions of Reconfigurable Optical
Add/Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs) for enabling dynamic configuration of optical
networks. ROADMs are designed to support Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing
(DWDM). DWDM supports multiple fiber optics channels of different wavelengths.
ROADMs allows these channels to be added, removed, or modified automatically.
The technology of ROADMs is explained.
IS-2008-24:
Making the Case for Converged Ethernet Transport
This paper by Ciena explains that role of Ethernet for high-speed data
transport outside of a local area network. Internet traffic is predicted
to grow at a 35 per cent-compound rate between 2006 and 2012. Ethernet
Internet Protocol traffic is expected to surpass time division multiplexing
traffic by 2009. Technologies for optical Ethernet switches are discussed.
Applications include triple play, business data services, and wireless
backhaul operations.
IS-2008-23:
Evolution to the 100G Transport Network
The technologies to transport 100 Gbps Internet data are discussed in
this report authored by Ciena. Applications include video-on-demand and
IPTV. Client connections to the Internet backbone are now reaching 10
Gbps. The backbone operates at two to 10 times the highest-speed client.
100 Gbps is considered for data centers and metropolitan and wide area
network connectivity. Technologies for implementing 100 Gpbs using fiber
optics are discussed.
IS-2008-22:
Final Report of the California Broadband Task Force - January 2008
This paper is a report to the government of California about broadband
Internet deployment in the state and policy proposals to increase availability.
Benefits claimed include telecommuting, video conferencing, distant-learning,
remote medical analysis, and increased civic discourse. Broadband is not
widely available to rural locations where three million people live in
California. It was noted that broadband costs are up to four times higher
and one-tenth the speed than in other developed countries, such as a Japan.
The US ranks 16th in broadband adoption and California ranks 10th compared
to developed countries. The report recommends that high-speed broadband
be available to all Californians "with the lowest subsidy necessary"
and with tax incentives.
IS-2008-21:
Compendium of Champions: ACEEE; Commercial/Industrial Retrofit Programs
This report by American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ASEEE)
summarizes energy management programs instituted in six regions of the
U.S. by electric utilities. Many of the programs include rate reductions.
Also, the utilities offer subsidized consultants and contractors to assist
enterprises to determine where energy could be saved and to implement
retrofits to generate the savings. Four programs were cited as exemplary
and two as honorable mention.
IS-2008-20:
The Innovation Dilemma: How to Achieve High Performance through Superior
R&D
This paper by Accenture summarizes a study of investments by large companies
in innovation. About 37 per cent have outsourced product development in
areas where other companies or universities offer more competence. Some
companies "in-source" by opening research centers in foreign
locations. Others acquire companies with special expertise. About 44 per
cent of those surveyed have a standardized process for conducting research.
IS-2008-19:
Case Study: Concordia University New Engineering Building, Montreal, Canada
This document by A. Tzempelikos & A. K. Athienitis summarizes the
energy savings in a building at Concordia University resulting from the
use of motorized shading, lighting control, and improved glazing. The
installation of these technologies in the 16-story building allowed a
$45,000 reduction in the purchase cost of the atrium cooling system. The
building payback for the motorized shades is expected to be 2.8 years.
IS-2008-18:
Integration of Dynamic Facades with other Building Systems
This paper by A. Tzempelikos & A. K. Athienitis summarizes the benefits
from designing a building façade with technology that allows the
windows and shading to adjust automatically. The objective is to integrate
façade control with lighting and HVAC systems to maximize daylight
without glare, and to minimize the sun heat load. With proper systems
design, the expected savings in a 10-15 story building are a 40 per cent
reduction in the cooling energy consumption, a 60 per cent reduction in
energy for lighting, and 20-40 per cent reduction in the peak cooling
load.
IS-2008-17:
Enhanced Automation: Business Case Guidebook
This guide was created by the California Energy Commission to provide
information for businesses on the costs and benefits of building automation
technologies. This guide is aimed at businesses with buildings consuming
a peak of at least 200 kW for 20,000 square feet or more. The benefits
are increased employee satisfaction, higher property values, and energy
savings. Energy automation includes energy management systems, energy
information systems, and HVAC and lighting controls. Improved information
systems can pinpoint areas that need maintenance. A step-by-step assessment
procedure is described. Included is a discussion about choosing an electricity
tariff that could reduce the building power bill. About a 15 per cent
reduction in energy costs on average is possible.
IS-2006-16:
There's No Place like Anywhere for the Holidays
This paper from the Yankee Group surveys wireless devices that facilitate
access to audio, video, Internet data, and GPS (location data). The objective
is to achieve connectivity anywhere. The devices reviewed for features
provided and omitted include the Apple iPod, HP MediaSmart TV, HP MediaSmart
Home Server, the Apple iPhone, Xbox 360 Elite, TiVo HD, and Sony PSP.
Device connectivity is a product differentiator. Manufacturers are challenged
to educate customers directly and via retailers.
IS-2008-15:
BACnet: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions
This paper contains an overview of BACnet, the Building Automation
Control Network. BACnet defines the messages, signaling methods, and communications
media for remote control of building automation devices. Each device,
such as a temperature sensor, is represented as a collection of objects
with a set of properties. BACnet messages can be encoded for a variety
of network transmission methods. Systems not designed for BACnet can be
adapted via a gateway translator. The conformance of a device to BACnet
is described in a protocol implementation conformance statement (PICS).
BACnet is now a U.S. and an international (ISO) standard.
IS-2008-14:
U.S. Construction Outlook 2008-2009
Reed Construction Data discussed the prospects for the U.S. construction
industry in 2008-2009. The collapse of the sub-prime market is affecting
funds availability for commercial building construction. Very slow growth
in the economy is predicted. Charts of the national economic condition
are included. As of July 2007, the highest growth was in New England with
Massachusetts leading the nation. Recovery predictions for the housing
market are presented. Commercial construction is expected to have peaked
in 2007.
IS-2008-13:
Structured Cabling System (SCS)
This tutorial from the International Engineering Consortium discusses
an organized cabling system for delivering building control services.
A Structured Cabling System (SCS) can save up to 30% in initial construction
costs. A building management system facilitated by an SCS can lead to
savings of up to 60 per cent. All building control and data cables can
be combined, with the possible exception of fire alarm wiring depending
on local codes. There are now national and international standards for
integrated wiring of buildings. A goal of SCS is to maintain the cabling
as the connected systems change over time. Cabling is reduced when an
SCS is organized for distribution via subsystems. Cost calculations and
potential savings in labor are presented.
IS-2008-12:
Taking Television to the Next Level: The Combination of HD and IPTV
This paper from ANT Software Limited maintains that HDTV will be enhanced
when users have more TV options made available by IPTV (Internet TV).
IPTV offers the possibility that the use can choose programming from a
huge library and can control the viewing experience (such as pause, rewind,
etc.). Key to success is a consistent user interface.
IS-2008-11:
A future in content(ion): Can telecom providers win a share of the digital
content market?
Telephone companies are facing competition from wireless and VoIP (Voice
over IP) providers as revenues from traditional services fall. This study
by IBM proposes that telephone companies generate revenue from content
distribution. The goal should be to deliver content anywhere, anytime,
anywhere, to any device. There will be a shift from physical distribution
of media (on disks) to on-line distribution. Do-it-yourself media production,
such as blogs and podcasts, will be a significant factor. IBM predicts
that households will need 20-Mbps Internet access for new multi-media
services. Telecom operators are not likely to gain a significant base
even with fiber-to-the-home. Therefore, they must become more consumer-centric
by focusing on distribution services and embedded advertising.
IS-2008-10:
HomePlug AV White Paper
This paper by the HomePlug Powerline Alliance presents an overview of
the HomePlug AV power line carrier technology that supports broadband
audio and video. HomePlug AV provides a 200-Mbps channel that delivers
an effective data rate of about 150 Mbps. The channel supports a multi-access
contention system plus time division multiplexing without contention,
but with quality-of-service. Block diagrams are included. HomePlug includes
a Central Coordinator to organize a HomePlug network and to isolate logically
multiple networks sharing the same power line with unique encryption for
each network.
IS-2008-09:
HomePlug & Service Providers
This is a promotional piece for the use of HomePlug power line carrier
technology and a survey of possible services that might be offered via
the Internet and via a HomePlug home network.. Possible services include
entertainment, energy management, and appliance control. Some services
being planned include VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol), IPTV (TV via
the Internet), firewall and virus protection, spam filtering, parental
controls, content-on-demand, security, network management, and home health
care.
IS-2008-08:
Conquering the WiMAX Test and Measurement Challenge
Test and measurements to determine the performance on a WiMAX system are
described in this Rohde & Schwarz white paper. WiMAX is one of the
most complex wireless systems ever deployed. It is IP-based and incorporates
multiple communications protocols. WiMAX includes techniques to overcome
noise, fading, and interference. Of particular note is the use of multiple
antennas to support a technique called MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output).
Test equipment requirements are presented. Interspersed are advertisements
for the products of the paper author.
IS-2008-07:
VoIP over WiMAX: Market drivers and vendor opportunities
This paper by Rethink Research Associates is an executive summary of a
survey to determine business prospects for voice transmission using Internet
protocol (VoIP) via wireless WiMAX. About 400 service providers planning
to offer WiMAX were surveyed for their intent to deploy VoIP. WiMAX will
account for 75 per cent of the broadband wireless market by 2010. About
65 per cent of WiMAX operators will offer VoIP by 2010. However, fewer
than one-third of WiMAX vendors are considered strong in VoIP. Strategic
alliances with VoIP partners will be pursued.
IS-2008-06:
Is Your AAA up to the WiMax Challenge?
WiMAX is an emerging wireless technique for broadband voice and data communications
over large areas. This paper by Bridgewater Systems discusses methods
for user authentication to permit access, authorization of service levels,
and accounting of service usage. Usage may be tracked according to flow-based
accounting that determines how much of each type of service was used.
Since WiMAX is an always-on system, authentication may occur frequently.
Requirements for authentication, authorization, and accounting to support
a high-growth WiMAX business are discussed.
IS-2008-05:
What ISN'T Going to Happen in 2008
ABI Research presents predictions for 2008. Among technologies that will
NOT blossom in 2008 are: mobile broadband, Palm (will lose market share),
RFID (will not impact inventory management), navigation embedded in handsets,
auto safety technology, Motorola mobile devices, mobile data traffic (until
2009), VoIP over WiFi in businesses, 802.11n (faster WiFi), improved network
security, mobile WiMAX in China and 1 Gbps Internet access.
IS-2008-04:
Framework for energy market communications - Part 101: General guidelines
This is a Technical Report published by the International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC), one of the three official worldwide standards organizations.
This report provides an overview of XML-based database technology for
e-business communications in the competitive energy market. The CABA document
consists of the introduction, scope, and normative references, not the
entire report (which is for sale by the IEC).
IS-2008-03:
Europe's Home Networking Boom
This paper by Parks Associates surveys the rapid growth of broadband penetration
in Europe from 2004 to 2006. Europe has moved from behind Asia and America
to on-par with America. The growth in broadband has led to a growth in
home networks in order to reach multiple personal computers.
IS-2008-02:
IPTV in Europe: Digital TV in a Hyper-competitive Market
According Parks Associates the market for digital TV in Europe is very
competitive and "a test bed for the rest of the world." Telephone
and broadband service connections to customers are unbundled in Europe,
thus encouraging new entrants. Digital Terrestrial TV is a significant
delivery method in Europe. Competition is leading to new value-added services
and increased support for customer-provided home networking via a utility-provided
gateway. The utility ensures customer satisfaction with the value-added
services at reasonable costs. IPTV is growing the fastest in Europe by
offering a la carte TV programming. The author contends that convergence
of multi-media, support, and billing is key to success.
IS-2008-01:
Buildings as Networks: Danger, Opportunity, and Guiding Principles for
Energy Efficiency
This presentation from the International Energy Agency introduces the
need to address energy consumption and conservation when designing networked
building automation systems. The authors are concerned that networked
consumer electronics focus on features and conveniences, not on reducing
the energy consumed by devices when they are not being used. Likewise,
devices that are networked for building control of lighting, heating,
etc. should be designed so energy consumption is reduced when the devices
are quiescent. International standards are needed to specify techniques
for networked devices to conserve energy.
IS-2007-80:
Custom Mobile Advertising
Custom Mobile Advertising was a CABA Internet
Home Alliance Research Council study that estimated the size of the maximum
total addressable market for specific advertising concepts that could
be offered via in-vehicle technology, mobile phone technology, and across
both platforms. The goal of the study was to gauge interest in specific
types of advertising content and advertising delivery mechanisms (such
as voice and text). The study examined numerous consumer preferences for
various features, including: connectivity options (wireless vs. wired);
user interface (voice, text, on-screen menus); media and advertising storage
and transfer options (mobile phone, PC, in-vehicle device, other); and
user profile controls (computer, phone, in-vehicle).
IS-2007-79:
ZigBee and Wireless Radio Frequency Coexistence
This paper by ZigBee Alliance explains how ZigBee and other unlicensed
wireless technologies can co-exist without interference. ZigBee operates
in 2.4-GHz band worldwide, in the 900-MHz band in North America and Australia,
and in the 800-MHz band in Europe. Possible interference sources are WiFi,
Bluetooth, portable telephones and microphones, WiMax, and microwave ovens.
ZigBee avoids interfering by employing a frequency division multiple access
(FDMA) communications protocol. Methods to avoid message collisions and
to achieve successful reception are described. The benefit of a ZigBee
mesh network is explained. Various tests supporting and criticizing ZigBee
performance are presented.
IS-2007-78:
ZigBee: The Choice for Energy Management and Efficiency
This report by ZigBee Alliance explains the benefits of using wireless
communications for implementing energy management. ZigBee is proposed
as the wireless technology for the "last foot" connection. Energy
management initiatives worldwide are described. Applications of Zigbee
for time-varying energy pricing and peak consumption management are explained.
IS-2007-77:
Green Specs/LEED Specs
This report by Kalin Associates Inc. provides
guidance to building specifiers on how to evaluate product claims about
green attributes for incorporation into building designs. "By our
definition, green products are those which maintain or improve the human
environment while diminishing the impact of their use on the natural environment-in
other words, sustainable." Characteristics of green products include
green manufacturing, recycled contents, recyclable, low toxicity, and
biodegradable. Who selects green products (owners, architects, engineers,
and contractors) and when in the design/construction timeframe are they
selected are discussed. A detailed checklist is included.
IS-2007-76:
Cost of Green Revisited
According to a study of 221 buildings, green buildings cost about the
same as conventional buildings. Eighty-three of these buildings were designed
with the intent of being sustainable. Some green features were present
in the non-green buildings. A majority of the green buildings did not
cost more because of the green features. Detailed costing methods are
included. This study recommends that green should be included in building
planning, not as an added requirement.
IS-2007-75:
Commercial Buildings - Eco-Efficiency
The Sustainable Development Technology Canada foundation was formed by
the Canadian government to develop and demonstrate clean technologies.
These technologies apply in energy exploration and production, power generation,
energy utilization, transportation, agriculture, forestry and wood products,
and waste management. Recommendations are provided in the form of business
cases. The methodology for determining where investments are warranted
is explained. A case study of energy, water, and sold waste production
for commercial office buildings in Canada (380,000 buildings in 2004)
is presented. A goal for 2030 is to reduce the energy used in these buildings
by 50 percent , the water by 65 per cent, and the solid waste by 85 per
cent.
IS-2007-74:
LEED In Healthcare
This paper explains how hospitals, nursing homes,
and clinics can implement energy conservation and achieve LEED certification
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) even though LEED was developed
for office buildings. Methods for water savings are presented, emphasizing
substitutes for potable water in laboratory and cooling applications.
Some LEED standards such as indoor-air-quality and temperature control
are generally in-place in healthcare facilities. The U.S. Green Building
council is preparing "The LEED Application Guide for Healthcare."
IS-2007-73:
FTTH/FTTP Update
According to a market research study by RVA LLC, fiber optics for distribution
of home services passed almost 10 million homes as of September 2007,
is being marketed to about 8 million, and has been adopted by two million.
About one million households receive video by fiber optics and 2 per cent
of households get Internet access via fiber optics. The technology for
fiber optics distribution varies by company. About 25 per cent of consumers
who are offered fiber optics services adopt some. Customers with Internet
access via fiber optics are more satisfied than those receiving Internet
via cable or DSL (telephone lines). About half of fiber optics Internet
access is at 5-10 Mbps for download and 1-2 Mbps for upload. The dominant
supplier is Verizon. The writers claim that subscription to fiber optics
services stimulates the purchase of various consumer electronics, increases
home values, saves energy, and reduced pollution.
IS-2007-72:
Digital Content Unleashed: The Slow but Inevitable Race Toward a Friction-Free
Media World
This consumer survey from ABI Research reports on how consumers access
audio and video (A/V) through retail purchases and downloads, and predicts
access modalities in 2012. Impediment to the adoption of new A/V distribution
and playback methods are difficulty in set-up, lack of content, and interoperability
problems, all creating "friction" in A/V distribution. About
12 per cent of those surveyed bought on-line video in 2007 compared to
less than 5 per cent in 2006. Now, most A/V is stored on CDs and DVDs.
Over time, physical storage will migrate to network storage. This will
facilitate place-shifting (alternate viewing locations) and time-shifting.
Eventually, A/V will be stored on a home service and/or and Internet-based
server. "Friction-free" access to A/V will benefit device manufacturers,
software makers, content owners, and network operators.
IS-2007-71:
High-Speed Services for Internet Access: Status as of December 31, 2006
The U.S. Congress has mandated that the Federal Communications Commission
(FCC) encourage the deployment of advanced telecommunications. Therefore,
the FCC reports annually on the adoption of Internet service access nationwide.
This report for 2006 notes a 61 per cent increase in high-speed access
from 51.2 million subscribers to 65.0 million. High-speed access is provided
by cable modems for 38.9 per cent of customers and by ADSL for 30.8 per
cent. Other high-speed access modes include fiber optics, satellite, broadband
over power line (BPL), and terrestrial mobile. High speed is defined as
faster than 200 kbps in at least one direction. 59.5 millions lines were
faster than 200 kbps in both directions, of which 53.6 per cent were cable
and 39.1 per cent were ADSL.
IS-2007-70:
Small and Medium Business IT Market Evolution: An Opportunity and a Challenge
for Channel Partners
CompTIA investigates the IT costs for small and medium-sized businesses.
Growth partners show companies moving from personal computers to Internet
access and networks to virtual private networks and wide area network.
Many of these companies depend on IT support from outside vendors and
value-added resellers. Many companies are starting to make purchase decisions
based on the total cost of ownership. They are seeking IT solutions that
can scale as the company grows. Therefore, IT vendors should help companies
evaluate the long-term benefits of various IT solutions.
IS-2007-69:
Innovative Approaches to Win the US Bundled Pricing Game
This paper from Accenture discusses pricing strategies for bundled services
including Internet, TV, and wired/wireless telephone. Accenture maintains
that bundled prices are eroding due to competition even while customer
retention is growing. They propose that cable and telephone companies
price by "customer value segment" rather than uniformly. For
example, packages tailored for families or young professionals or baby-boomers
might be offered with higher prices because of the perceived value.
IS-2007-68:
Towards a High-Bandwidth, Low-Carbon Future
This paper from Climate Risk Pty Ltd in Australia was commissioned by
Telstra, a communications provider in Australia, to investigate the benefits
of telecommunications in reducing carbon usage and the deleterious effects
of greenhouse gas emissions. Examples of savings are described, such as
telecommunications to control appliance energy usage in standby mode or
when a user is not present. Telecommuting or commuting to a nearby regional
office is another savings opportunity, as is teleconferencing. An overview
of global warming is included. It was noted that telecommunications equipment
contributes to greenhouse gasses by using power for operations and for
cooling. On balance, telecommunications could reduce 4.9 per cent of greenhouse
gas emissions in Australia.
IS-2007-67:
State of California: Energy Action Plan II
This paper summarizes policy decisions by the State of California regarding
energy. The goal is for energy in California to be "adequate, affordable,
technologically advanced, and environmentally-sound." Policies are
outlined, including plans for dynamic pricing of power and demand response
to managing loads. The States plan to generate 20 per cent of electricity
from renewable sources by 2010 and 33 per cent by 2020. The rate-setting
process for the investor-owned utilities will be made more transparent.
Alternative fuels for transportation will be investigated. California
is seeking to reduce greenhouse gases to 1990 levels by 2020 and 80 per
cent below these levels by 2050.
IS-2007-66:
Building the Green Way
According to this article, an emphasis on evaluating whether a building
is "green" and sustainable has been developing since 2000. Some
green buildings have achieved 40 per cent energy reduction and 30 per
cent water reduction over similar non-green buildings. Some green building
employees are more productive because out-gassing from building materials
is reduced. A green building is estimated to increase costs by 0.8 per
cent. Green concepts must be integrated in building design for the greatest
savings. For example, building orientation can reduce lighting needs and
the cooling needed to remove heat generate by these lights. Older buildings
need to be upgraded to be green in order not to lose value.
IS-2007-65:
Value Proposition for Enterprise Interoperability
The European Commission reports on a strategic investigation of enterprise
interoperability (EI): how businesses can benefit from exchange of information
and communications technology (ICT) to create new product and services
and to operate more efficiently. ICT and EI can help companies deal with
change and value creation. The report concludes, "[t]he potential
created by new offerings and new business models together reflects radically
new opportunities to generate value with EI."
IS-2007-64:
ANSI/ASHRAE Addendum e to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135 -2004
The purpose of this addendum is to revise ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 135-2004.
The modifications in this addendum are the result of change proposals
made pursuant to the ASHRAE continuous maintenance procedures and of deliberations
within Standing Standard Project Committee 135. The addendum focuses on
BACnet: a data communication protocol for building automation and control
networks.
IS-2007-63:
Service Providers Affirm the Strategic Value of Policy Management
The Yankee Group surveyed service providers
for planned expenditures on the management of policies for network access
and bandwidth management. Such policies can affect revenue, subscriber
access, quality-of-service, network security from threats, and operational
efficiency and costs. Bandwidth allocation will become important as subscribers
access IPTV, video-on-demand, and enhanced video services. Policy management
includes the placement of advertising adjacent and relevant to video-on-demand
programming. Also, customers will be able to upgrade services automatically.
IS-2007-62:
When Should I Use a Managed Ethernet Switch?
This white paper from Contemporary Controls
describes the functions of an Ethernet switch. First the differences between
a hub and an unmanaged switch are explained. Then the functions possible
in a managed switch are listed. A managed switch can control the data
rate delivered to each port. Also, diagnostic tools are available using
the Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP).
IS-2007-61:
The Market Survey of the Energy Industry 2004
The Association of Energy Engineers surveyed 456 association members on
the state of the energy market to help determine a national energy policy
and the benefits of energy management. Energy efficiency and management
was judged most important. New generation sources are needed, global warming
must addressed, and investment tax credits are beneficial. A slim majority
thinks that mergers will hurt the energy industry. The best incentive
for utilities to encourage energy management is through rebates. This
survey is based on 49 questions. Detailed answers are provided.
IS-2007-60:
Technology Contracting: Designing Systems for Efficiency and Interoperability
Johnson Controls reports on the benefits of centralizing responsibility
for the management of building automation systems through technology contracting.
Instead of subcontracting HVAC, lighting, security, IT networking, etc.
to separate companies with separate responsibilities, an overall manager
is assigned. This is particularly useful when the building systems are
integrated. This approach saves time, reduces risk and blame, cuts capital
costs, reduces construction costs, cuts operating costs, and enables system
interoperability. The process for technology contracting is described
with a few examples.
IS-2007-59:
Wireless Consumer and Business User Profiles
ABI Research conducted a survey among 1,223 cell phone users across the
U.S. Results of the survey are reported in the following categories: cell
phone brands, monthly usage, cell phone features including multimedia,
Bluetooth, and Wi-Fi access. Business users of cell phone voice services
spend 19 per cent more on voice and 80 per cent more on data than consumers.
Twenty-four per cent would like Internet access on their cell phones.
Femtocells extend cell phone service via a broadband connection into buildings
and homes where service might have been poor. Seventy-two per cent were
not interested in this service. About one-third of business users would
add a cellular modem to their laptop for Internet access via cell phone
service.
IS-2007-58:
National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency
The US Department of Energy and the Environmental Protection Agency organized
a study on improving energy efficiency in homes, buildings, schools, governments,
and industry. Recommendations were developed for utilities, regulators,
and partner organizations. Demand for energy is expected to increase 30
to 40 per cent for electricity by 2030. Energy efficiency programs could
eliminate the need for 40 new 500-MW plants over the next 10 to 12 years.
Among the recommendations in this extensive report are policy changes
through rate designs to move utilities towards energy efficiency.
IS-2007-57:
The Cost-Effectiveness of Commercial-Buildings Commissioning
This research report issued by the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
describes a process of building commissioning to detect and remedy problems.
Such problems include design flaws, construction defects, equipment problems,
and needed maintenance. A methodology was developed based on analyzing
224 buildings. HVAC presented the most problems. New buildings have three
times the defects of existing buildings. System-level interactions were
tested. Problems were found in valves, filters, controls, etc. Non-energy
benefits include improved equipment lifetime, productivity, and indoor-air
quality. Detailed data and charts are included.
IS-2007-56:
Advanced Controls and Communications for Demand Response and Energy Efficiency
in Commercial Buildings
The impact of commercial buildings on the peak demand for energy is investigated
by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the U.S. Department of Energy
in this report. According to the report, US commercial buildings account
for a significant portion of the summer peak demand. Methods of demand
response are explained, including pricing incentives and load shedding.
Communications methods for the utility to reach the building controls
include a gateway and an Internet relay. Trials in California and New
York are presented.
IS-2007-55:
Energy Use in Canada
This paper by the Government of Canada addresses methods for government
agencies to meet the need for energy in Canada through 2020 as population
grows 11 per cent and GDP by 43 per cent. Methods and tools to improve
energy efficiency and conservation are discussed. It was noted that large-appliance
energy consumption has dropped, but consumers bought more small appliances
where conservation is not regulated. On-site energy generation is discussed.
. Energy efficiency methods are included for buildings, industry, and
transportation.
IS-2007-54:
Fluorescent Lamp and Ballast Options
This paper, by Natural Resources Canada, constitutes a review of fluorescent
lighting technology. The benefits of electronic ballasts in place of electromagnetic
ballasts are discussed. The ballast is required to generate a high-voltage
start-up surge. The advantage of the T-8 lamp over older models is summarized.
Potential savings in an office building are included.
IS-2007-53:
Monitoring and Targeting Techniques in Buildings
This paper, by Natural Resources Canada, presents a technique adopted
from industry for managing energy consumption in buildings. It consists
of data gathering, data analysis, and a resulting action plan. Specific
factors that affect building energy consumption, such as occupancy, are
measured. A regression analysis determines the relationship between the
energy consumption and these factors. Examples are presented.
IS-2007-52:
Businesses Worldwide Plan to Increase Spending on Network Security Next
Year by as Much as 20 Percent
This Cisco Systems press release describes a study of IT security for
mobile communications. A study of 700 IT personnel found that almost half
expect IT security expenditures to increase 10 per cent, while almost
10 per cent think that there will be a 20 per cent increase. These outlays
are motivated by regulatory compliance, increased mobility, and a growing
labor force. Only nine per cent worldwide said security spending was because
of loss or theft. However, 26 per cent in the U.S. said this is a motivation.
IS-2007-51:
Study Reveals Insight, Opportunity for IT to Protect Mobile Wireless Users
This is a press release for a Cisco Systems study of methods to improve
IT security for users of mobile communications. The study was conducted
in North America, Europe, and Asia among 700 users. Most users did not
pay attention to IT security. Recommended actions include educating and
protecting employees' mobile communications practices. Some specific suggestions
are included.
IS-2007-50:
A Global Analysis of Mobile Wireless Security: Behavioral Challenges &
IT Opportunities
Cisco Systems surveyed 100 users of mobile service and 100 IT persons
worldwide about security issues. Forty per cent of users do not following
company security policies. More than 25 per cent are not concerned about
security. Twenty per cent never protect data, mostly because they do not
know how. IT persons say that viruses are the biggest threat. One-third
of respondents back-up their data. Sixty per cent of companies encrypt
transmitted and stored data. Spending on security is expected to grow
20 per cent next year because of lost mobile devices and new hires.
IS-2007-49:
Hiding in Plain Sight: Service Innovation, A New Priority for Chief Executives
This paper from IBM describes opportunities to improve customer relations
and generate revenue from providing after-sales service. IBM recommends
focusing on service-innovation model, operations, and growth. Service
may expand beyond traditional product support to advisory and financial
services. Examples of successful service offerings are the Best Buy Geek
Squad and General Motors OnStar. Companies should devote as much discipline
and rigor in creating service offerings as they do in creating new products.
IS-2007-48:
M2M Remote Device Management in Business: A Study of Current Users
Harbor Research surveyed manufacturers about investments in remote access
to products in the field. Half of the respondents are already equipping
products for remote maintenance and support. The links to the products
include wired Ethernet, Wi-Fi, cellular, and satellite. The basic reason
is to manage the cost of providing service. Nine vertical markets amenable
to remote access were identified: buildings, consumer & home, industrial,
healthcare & life sciences, energy, retail, transportation, public
safety & defense, and IT networks. Remote access can also be used
to optimize performance and upgrade products. Some companies charge separately
for remote product management. Examples from various companies are presented.
IS-2007-47:
Workforce Demographics: Addressing an Aging Workforce in the Natural Gas
Distribution Sector
This paper by the Canadian Gas Association addresses challenges to finding
labor in the Canadian natural gas industry as the general population ages.
The industry supports increased immigration and employment of Canadian
Aboriginal peoples. Information transfers between retirees and new labor
is encouraged.
IS-2007-46:
Broadband Connectivity Competition Policy
The US Federal Trade Commission held a workshop in February 2007 to solicit
information from advocates and experts about broadband Internet access
and net neutrality (uniform treatment of all data packets). The impact
of enforcing net neutrality on consumer welfare is investigated. A key
debate is about prioritizing Internet traffic and possibly blocking some
content based on prior business arrangements. There is debate on just
how competitive is the Internet market. Some claim it is a duopoly between
the cable operators and the telephone companies. The applicability of
anti-trust laws is considered. Also discussed is the impact on consumer
privacy of Internet packet content examination.
IS-2007-45:
The Internet's Capacity To Handle Fast-Rising Demand for Bandwidth
This article by the US Internet Industry Association explores business
models that will support increasing demands for Internet bandwidth. The
number of subscribers is not growing as fast as the increasing demands
for bandwidth by the existing subscribers. Internet subscribers have reached
70 per cent of the population in many developed countries. Various schemes
for charging for bandwidth are discussed. Examples of bandwidth-intensive
applications include IPTV, peer-to-peer file sharing, and collaborative
gaming.
IS-2007-44:
Telecom Predictions: TMT Trend 2007
The Deloitte ToucheTohmatsu Technology, Media & Telecommunications
Industry Group predicts trends based on internal and external interviews.
Key among these is the possibility that the Internet is reaching capacity
because of video data. The need for Internet appliances other than the
PC, such as specialized products for e-mail, music, or streaming radio,
is discussed as a method to gain additional customers for Internet Service
Providers. The added revenue would pay for expanding the capacity of the
Internet. Mobile operators should not focus on TV, but on video capture
and improved in-home and in-building reception by linking with wireless
LANs. Also, the mobile phone could become the control element for home
automation. IPTV should not be a clone of traditional TV. Some ISPs and
telecommunications companies want to charge content providers for carrying
the content.
IS-2007-43:
Internet Service Providers in the 21st Century
According to this US Internet Industry Association report, the business
environment for Internet Service Providers (ISPs) is changing with the
advent of broadband. A dial-up Internet business required much less capital
than a broadband business. The paper presents four business models for
an ISP. The ISP provides customers with a link between transport methods
(telephone, wireless, power line, etc.) and content. Guidelines for running
a successful ISP are presented.
IS-2007-42:
MasterFormat 2004 Edition 2007 Implementation Assessment
This paper, published by the Construction Specifications Institute (CSI)
and Construction Specifications Canada (CSC) provides a candid, real-world
assessment of conversion penetration to the MasterFormat 2004 Edition.
The 2004 edition marked a significant change in the construction industry
as a new 50-division organizational structure replaced the familiar 16-division
MasterFormat structure that dated back to 1964.
IS-2007-41:
e-Health and America's Broadband Network
This paper, originally published by the US Internet Industry Association,
is an examination of how broadband services enhance health care in America.
The paper argues that the emergence of "eHealth" has been | 
